9. Personnel Expenses and Employee Numbers

Personnel expenses in 2018 were comprised as shown in the following table:

Personnel Expenses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

2018

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

Salaries

 

(1,572)

 

(1,610)

Social expenses and expenses for pensions and other benefits

 

(343)

 

(348)

of which for defined contribution pension plans

 

(90)

 

(88)

of which for defined benefit and other pension plans

 

(110)

 

(105)

Total

 

(1,915)

 

(1,958)

Average Number of Employees

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017

 

2018

Production

 

10,036

 

10,348

Marketing and distribution

 

3,466

 

3,580

Research and development

 

1,048

 

1,104

General administration

 

1,439

 

1,575

Total

 

15,989

 

16,607

Employees in vocational training

 

444

 

482

The number of employees on either permanent or temporary contracts is stated in full-time equivalents (FTE). Part-time employees are included on a pro-rated basis in line with their contractual working hours. The figures do not include employees in vocational training.