Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Covestro Group – Principles and Methods

4. Segment and Regional Reporting

The Board of Management of Covestro AG, as the chief operating decision maker of the Covestro Group, allocates resources to the reportable segments and assesses their performance. The reportable segments are identified, and the disclosures selected, in line with the internal financial reporting system (management approach).

The segments pursue the following activities:

Performance Materials

The Performance Materials segment focuses on developing, producing, and reliably supplying high-performance materials such as standard polyurethanes and polycarbonates, as well as base chemicals. This includes diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), long-chain polyols, and polycarbonate resins, among others. These materials are used in sectors such as the furniture and wood processing industry, the construction industry as well as the automotive and transportation industry, for example in roof structures, insulation for buildings and refrigerators, mattresses, and car seats, among other applications.

Solutions & Specialties

The Solutions & Specialties segment consolidates Covestro’s solutions and specialties businesses, and combines chemical products with application technology services. A fast pace of innovation is a key success factor since customer requirements change quickly. Covestro’s Solutions & Specialties business comprises a variety of polymer products including polycarbonates, precursors for coatings and adhesives, MDI specialties and polyols, thermoplastic polyurethanes, specialty films, and elastomers. They are used in sectors such as the automotive and transportation industry; the electrical, electronics, and household appliances industry; the construction industry; and the healthcare industry. These materials include composite resins for wind turbine rotor blades; precursors for coatings and adhesives, laptop cases, floodlights, and high-quality specialty films.

Business activities that cannot be allocated to any of the aforementioned segments, costs associated with central corporate functions, higher or lower expenses resulting from more or less favorable Covestro share performance as part of long-term variable compensation, and the difference between the imputed income tax payments of the reportable operating segments and the actual income taxes paid by the Covestro Group can be found in the segment reporting under “Others/ Consolidation.” External sales are generated primarily from the sale of energy, site management services, and rentals and leasing.

As a general rule, the segment data is calculated in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) listed in note 3 “Accounting Policies and Valuation Principles” with the following exceptions:

• Intersegment sales are generally based on arm’s length transactions between the units that make up Covestro’s segments. Market prices and, in exceptional cases, cost of goods sold serve as the settlement basis. 
• Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets – except goodwill, including noncurrent assets used jointly by both segments – and the associated depreciation, amortization, and impairment losses are allocated according to a principle based on major use. Goodwill is allocated at the level of the business entities or strategic business entities. The strategic business entity level corresponds to the reporting level below the seven business entities, which form the two reportable segments Performance Materials and Solutions & Specialties.
• EBIT and EBITDA are not defined in the IFRSs. EBIT is equal to income after income taxes plus financial result and income taxes. EBITDA is EBIT plus amortization and impairment losses on intangible assets, and depreciation and impairment losses on property, plant and equipment, less impairment loss reversals.
• Free operating cash flow, which is not defined in the IFRSs either, equals cash flows from operating activities less cash outflows for additions to property, plant, equipment and intangible assets. The income taxes paid that make up part of cash flows from operating activities are not directly allocated to any of the company’s units. For purposes of calculating cash flows from operating activities, the income taxes paid by a reportable segment are determined in fiscal 2021 by multiplying the effective tax rate (ETR) expected for the fiscal year by that segment’s EBIT. This expected effective tax rate was 25% for 2021. Since 2022, an imputed tax rate of 25% has been used for the calculation.
• Trade working capitalcomprises inventories, trade accounts receivable, and contract assets, less trade accounts payable, contract liabilities, and refund liabilities.

EBIT, EBITDA, and free operating cash flow per segment include intersegment sales and, in each case, the effects of the aforementioned allocation of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, including noncurrent assets used jointly by both segments, and the associated depreciation, amortization, impairment losses, and impairment loss reversals.

In line with internal reporting to the Board of Management since July 1, 2022, intersegment sales also include sales at cost of goods sold. However, this has no effect on the level of the earnings measures EBIT and EBITDA per segment.

The following tables show the segment reporting data:

Information by Geographical Areas

The following table shows information by geographical area. The EMLA region consists of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America except Mexico, which together with the United States and Canada forms the NA region. The APAC region includes Asia and the Pacific region.

External sales by market and noncurrent assets can be broken down by country as follows:

Information on Major Customers

In fiscal 2022 and the previous year, no customer accounted for more than 10% of the Covestro Group’s total sales.

Reconciliation

The following table shows the reconciliation of EBITDA of the segments to income before income taxes of the Group: