Alternative Performance Measures

Throughout its financial reporting, Covestro uses alternative performance measures (APMs) to assess the business performance of the Group. These are not defined in the (IFRSs). These non-IFRS indicators should be considered a supplement to, not a replacement for, the performance measures determined in accordance with IFRSs. The calculation methods and reconciliation of the non-IFRS sales and earnings APMs to the figures reported in the financial statements are presented below. The calculation methods for the APMs may vary from those of other companies, thus limiting the extent of the overall comparability. These alternative performance measures should not be viewed in isolation or employed as an alternative to the financial indicators determined in accordance with and presented in the consolidated financial statements for purposes of assessing Covestro’s net assets, financial position and results of operations.

The following are the alternative performance measures relevant to the Covestro Group:

Covestro uses ROCE to assess profitability in the context of the company’s internal management system. EBITDA is also calculated as an additional indicator of profitability. FOCF is a key factor in the presentation of the liquidity position that indicates the company’s ability to generate a cash surplus and finance its activities. Net financial debt gauges the Group’s financial condition and financing requirements.

EBITDA

is a measure used in the calculation of EBITDA. EBIT represents the share of the income after income taxes plus financial result and income taxes attributable to Covestro’s core business after elimination of the influence of variable tax rates and/or various financing activities.

Calculation of EBIT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20181

 

2019

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

1

Reference information was not restated, see note 2.1 “Financial reporting standards applied for the first time in the reporting period.”

Sales

 

14,616

 

12,412

Cost of goods sold

 

(9,918)

 

(9,658)

Gross profit

 

4,698

 

2,754

Selling expenses

 

(1,408)

 

(1,380)

Research and development expenses

 

(276)

 

(266)

General administration expenses

 

(491)

 

(372)

Other operating income

 

123

 

181

Other operating expenses

 

(66)

 

(65)

EBIT

 

2,580

 

852

Financial result

 

(104)

 

(91)

Income before income taxes

 

2,476

 

761

Income taxes

 

(647)

 

(204)

Income after income taxes

 

1,829

 

557

EBITDA is EBIT plus amortization and impairment losses on intangible assets, and depreciation and impairment losses on property, plant and equipment, less impairment loss reversals. In addition, EBITDA is adjusted for possible distortions arising from various depreciation/amortization methods and measurement options, and therefore represents earnings from operating business activities.

Calculation of EBITDA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20181

 

2019

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

1

Reference information was not restated, see note 2.1 “Financial reporting standards applied for the first time in the reporting period.”

EBIT

 

2,580

 

852

Depreciation, amortization, impairment losses and impairment loss reversals

 

620

 

752

EBITDA

 

3,200

 

1,604

Return on capital employed (ROCE)

The foremost objective of the Covestro Group is to steadily increase enterprise value. Value is generated if Group earnings exceed the cost of capital. Covestro uses return on capital employed (ROCE) as the central value-based management metric. ROCE measures profitability and is calculated as the ratio of EBIT, adjusted for special items as needed, after imputed income taxes ( = net operating profit after taxes) to the average capital employed. If exceeds the (WACC), the company is generating a premium on its cost of capital.

Calculation of the return on capital employed

Calculation of the return on capital employed (graphic)

Calculation of the value contribution

Calculation of the value contribution (bar chart)

Calculation of average capital employed

The capital employed is the interest-bearing capital required by the company for its operations. It is calculated from operating noncurrent and current assets less non-interest-bearing liabilities. Non-interest-bearing liabilities include, for example, trade accounts payable and current provisions. The average capital employed is determined using the at the beginning and end of the relevant period.

Calculation of average capital employed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dec. 31, 20171, 2

 

Effects of IFRS 9 and IFRS 15

 

Jan. 01, 20182

 

Dec. 31, 20182

 

Effects of IFRS 16

 

Jan. 01, 2019

 

Dec. 31, 2019

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

 

€ million

 

€ million

 

€ million

 

€ million

 

€ million

1

Reference information was not restated for financial reporting standards IFRS 9 and IFRS 15.

2

Reference information was not restated, see note 2.1 “Financial reporting standards applied for the first time in the reporting period.”

3

As of January 1, 2019, this also contains the lease liabilities from initial application of IFRS 16.

4

Other noncurrent financial assets were adjusted for nonoperating assets.

5

Other receivables were adjusted for nonoperating and financial receivables.

6

Deferred taxes were adjusted for deferred taxes from defined benefit plans and similar obligations.

7

Assets held for sale have been included in the calculation of capital employed since January 1, 2019. The prior-year figures were not restated.

8

Assets held for sale were adjusted for nonoperating and financial assets.

9

Other provisions were adjusted for provisions for interest payments.

10

Other liabilities were adjusted for nonoperating and financial liabilities.

11

Deferred tax liabilities were adjusted for deferred tax liabilities from defined benefit plans and similar obligations.

12

Liabilities directly related to assets held for sale have been included in the calculation of capital employed since January 1, 2019. The prior-year figures were not restated.

13

Liabilities directly related to assets held for sale were adjusted for nonoperating and financial liabilities.

Goodwill

 

253

 

 

253

 

256

 

 

256

 

264

Other intangible assets

 

81

 

 

81

 

77

 

 

77

 

114

Property, plant and equipment3

 

4,296

 

 

4,296

 

4,409

 

660

 

5,069

 

5,286

Investments accounted for using the equity method

 

208

 

 

208

 

214

 

 

214

 

192

Other noncurrent financial assets4

 

8

 

 

8

 

8

 

 

8

 

7

Other receivables5

 

297

 

61

 

358

 

361

 

 

361

 

376

Deferred taxes6

 

224

 

4

 

228

 

256

 

 

256

 

221

Inventories

 

1,913

 

(33)

 

1,880

 

2,213

 

 

2,213

 

1,916

Trade accounts receivable

 

1,882

 

(18)

 

1,864

 

1,786

 

 

1,786

 

1,561

Claims for income tax refunds

 

138

 

 

138

 

55

 

 

55

 

104

Assets held for sale7, 8

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

12

Gross capital employed

 

9,300

 

14

 

9,314

 

9,635

 

660

 

10,296

 

10,053

Other provisions9

 

(755)

 

28

 

(727)

 

(721)

 

 

(721)

 

(422)

Other liabilities10

 

(215)

 

(65)

 

(280)

 

(234)

 

 

(234)

 

(208)

Deferred tax liabilities11

 

(160)

 

(6)

 

(166)

 

(153)

 

 

(153)

 

(204)

Trade accounts payable

 

(1,618)

 

37

 

(1,581)

 

(1,637)

 

 

(1,637)

 

(1,507)

Income tax liabilities

 

(235)

 

 

(235)

 

(279)

 

 

(279)

 

(164)

Liabilities directly related to assets held for sale12, 13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(8)

Capital employed

 

6,317

 

8

 

6,325

 

6,611

 

660

 

7,272

 

7,540

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average capital employed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6,468

 

 

 

 

 

7,406

Calculation of the net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) and capital costs

NOPAT is the operating result (EBIT) after imputed income taxes. The imputed income taxes are determined by multiplying the effective tax rate by .

WACC reflects the expected return on the company’s capital comprising both equity and debt. The cost of equity factors used in WACC are calculated by addition of the risk-free interest rate and the risk premium for an equity investment. Covestro uses the returns on long-term German government bonds as the risk-free interest rate. We derive this risk premium from capital market information for comparable listed companies. The cost of debt factors is calculated by addition of the risk-free interest rate and a risk premium on debt capital that Covestro calculates using the financing costs of comparable companies, less the tax benefit of interest incurred on borrowed capital. Calculation of the cost of capital generally has a long-term perspective; short-term fluctuations are evened out. The capital cost factor for the Covestro Group was 6.8% in fiscal 2019 (previous year: 6.7%).

Calculation of the value contribution

The absolute value generation of the company is measured by the metric . This is the difference between NOPAT and the cost of capital. The latter is calculated by multiplying the average capital employed by WACC. A positive value contribution means that value has been generated.

Calculation of the value contribution

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20181

 

2019

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

1

Reference information was not restated, see note 2.1 “Financial reporting standards applied for the first time in the reporting period.”

2

The calculation of the effective tax rate is presented in note 11 “Taxes.”

3

The imputed income taxes used in the calculation of NOPAT are determined by multiplying EBIT by the effective tax rate.

EBIT

 

2,580

 

852

Effective tax rate2

 

+26.1%

 

+26.8%

Imputed income taxes3

 

(673)

 

(228)

NOPAT

 

1,907

 

624

 

 

 

 

 

WACC

 

6.7%

 

6.8%

Average capital employed

 

6,468

 

7,406

Cost of capital

 

(433)

 

(504)

 

 

 

 

 

Value contribution

 

1,474

 

120

ROCE

 

+29.5%

 

+8.4%

Free operating cash flow (FOCF)

FOCF is the operating cash flow less cash outflows for additions to property, plant, equipment and intangible assets. Free operating cash flow serves in particular to pay dividends and interest and to repay debt.

Calculation of free operating cash flow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20181

 

2019

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

1

Reference information was not restated, see note 2.1 “Financial reporting standards applied for the first time in the reporting period.”

EBITDA

 

3,200

 

1,604

Income taxes paid

 

(574)

 

(296)

Change in pension provisions

 

26

 

49

(Gains) losses on retirements of noncurrent assets

 

(45)

 

(51)

Change in other working capital, other noncash items

 

(231)

 

77

Operating cash flows

 

2,376

 

1,383

Cash outflows for additions to property, plant, equipment and intangible assets

 

(707)

 

(910)

Free operating cash flow

 

1,669

 

473

Net financial debt

Net financial debt equals the sum of all financial liabilities less cash and cash equivalents, current financial assets and receivables from financial derivatives.

Net financial debt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dec. 31, 20181

 

Dec. 31, 2019

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

1

Reference information was not restated, see note 2.1 “Financial reporting standards applied for the first time in the reporting period.”

2

As of January 1, 2019, this also contains the lease liabilities from initial application of IFRS 16.

Bonds

 

996

 

997

Liabilities to banks

 

24

 

10

Lease liabilities2

 

193

 

735

Liabilities from derivatives

 

12

 

10

Receivables from derivatives

 

(12)

 

(15)

Financial liabilities

 

1,213

 

1,737

Cash and cash equivalents

 

(865)

 

(748)

Current financial assets

 

 

Net financial debt

 

348

 

989

Effects of IFRS 16 (Leases)

Initial application of the IFRS 16 accounting standard in the reporting period did not result in any changes in the method for calculating the alternative performance measures relevant to Covestro.

The effects of the initial application of IFRS 16 in the reporting period on the alternative performance measures are presented in the following table:

Effects of the initial application of IFRS 16 on the alternative performance measures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dec.31, 2019

 

thereof IFRS 16 effects1

 

 

€ million

 

€ million

1

Effects of the initial application of IFRS 16 in the 2019 fiscal year

EBITDA

 

1,604

 

131

Depreciation, amortization, impairment losses and impairment loss reversals

 

752

 

124

EBIT

 

852

 

7

Imputed income taxes

 

228

 

2

NOPAT

 

624

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

Capital employed

 

7,540

 

570

Average capital employed

 

7,406

 

615

 

 

 

 

 

ROCE

 

+8.4%

 

–0.7%

 

 

 

 

 

Free operating cash flow

 

473

 

130

 

 

 

 

 

Net financial debt

 

989

 

575

IFRSs/International Financial Reporting Standards
International accounting standards as endorsed by the European Union
IFRSs/International Financial Reporting Standards
International accounting standards as endorsed by the European Union
EBITDA/earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization
EBIT plus depreciation and amortization of property, plant, equipment, and intangible assets
Capital employed
Capital employed is the sum of noncurrent and current assets less non-interest-bearing liabilities such as trade accounts payable.
ROCE/return on capital employed
Ratio of operating result after imputed income taxes to the capital employed
FOCF/free operating cash flow
Operating cash flows (pursuant to IAS 7) less cash outflows for additions to property, plant, equipment and intangible assets
Net financial debt
Interest-bearing liabilites (excluding pension obligations) less liquid assets
EBIT/earnings before interest and taxes
Income after income taxes plus financial result and income tax expense
NOPAT/net operating profit after taxes
Operating result (EBIT) after imputed income taxes
ROCE/return on capital employed
Ratio of operating result after imputed income taxes to the capital employed
WACC/weighted average cost of capital
Weighted average cost of capital reflecting the expected return on the company’s equity and debt capital
Capital employed
Capital employed is the sum of noncurrent and current assets less non-interest-bearing liabilities such as trade accounts payable.
EBIT/earnings before interest and taxes
Income after income taxes plus financial result and income tax expense
VC/value contribution
The difference between the operating result after imputed income taxes and the cost of capital. A positive value contribution means that value has been created.