8.Financial Instruments

The following tables show the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and liabilities based on IFRS 9:

The fair values of financial instruments are determined and reported in accordance with IFRS 13 (Fair Value Measurement) on the basis of the fair value hierarchy described below:

Level 1 covers fair values determined on the basis of quoted, unadjusted prices which exist in active markets.

Level 2 comprises fair values determined on the basis of parameters which are observable in an active market.

Level 3 applies to fair values determined using parameters whose input factors are not based on observable market data.

The following table shows the assignment of the financial instruments to the three-level fair value hierarchy:

Reallocation between the different levels of the fair value hierarchy takes place at the end of the reporting period in which the change occurred. In the first half of 2022, no transfers were made between the levels of the fair value hierarchy.

Because of the generally short maturities of cash and cash equivalents, loans and bank deposits, trade accounts receivable and payable, and other receivables and liabilities, their carrying amounts do not significantly differ from the fair values.

The fair value of the bonds issued by Covestro AG is based on quoted, unadjusted prices in active markets and therefore assigned to Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of some of the other investments is also based on quoted prices in active markets (Level 1).

The fair values stated for noncurrent financial assets and liabilities are the present values of the respective future cash inflows or outflows. These are determined by discounting the cash flows at a reporting-date interest rate that takes into account the term of the assets or liabilities and the creditworthiness of the counterparty. For this reason, these values are assigned to Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair values of money market funds correspond to the quoted prices of the funds in accordance with Article 29 in conjunction with Article 33 of EU Regulation 2017/1131 on money market funds (Level 2).

The fair values of derivatives for which no publicly quoted market prices exist are determined using valuation techniques based on observable market data as of the reporting date (Level 2). Credit value adjustments and debt value adjustments are determined to allow for both the contracting party’s credit risk and Covestro’s own credit risk. The currency forward contracts are measured individually at their forward rates or forward prices as of the reporting date. These depend on spot rates or prices including time spreads.

Fair values measured using unobservable inputs are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of noncurrent receivables under lease agreements are calculated on the basis of interest curves observable in the market. Additionally, a discount for cash flows that are very far in the future is applied as an unobservable factor.

Covestro works with and invests in start-ups under the auspices of the Covestro Venture Capital (COVeC) approach, which was newly developed in fiscal 2020. Investments associated with COVeC activities are recognized either as debt instruments at fair value through profit and loss or as other financial investments at fair value directly in equity, depending on the contractual design. The fair value is calculated as the present value of the future cash flows estimated based on available performance indicators. The cash flows are discounted at the current interest rate for the appropriate term on the reporting date and reflecting the creditworthiness of the venture capital company. The main input factors are not based on observable market data (Level 3). The estimated fair value of the debt instruments classified in Level 3 would rise (fall) if the expected cash inflows were to be higher (lower) or if the risk-adjusted discount rate were to be lower (higher).

Other financial investments are recognized at fair value directly in equity because they are held for the long term for strategic reasons. The fair value of some of the other investments is based on quoted prices in active markets (Level 1). Where there are no quoted, unadjusted prices in an active market for identical or similar instruments, and there is no suitable valuation method where all major input factors are based on observable market data, the fair value of the other investments is determined using a market price-oriented valuation method where the main input factors are not based on observable market data (Level 3). The valuation of certain other investments is based on available performance indicators as well as on market valuation multipliers. The estimated fair value of the equity instruments categorized within Level 3 would rise (fall) if the multiple applied were to be greater (smaller).

Further, the fair values of embedded derivatives are determined on the basis of unobservable input factors (Level 3). They are separated from their respective host contracts, which are purchase agreements relating to the operational business. The embedded derivatives cause the cash flows from the contracts to vary with fluctuations in exchange rates, or regional and industry-specific price indices, for example. The internal measurement of embedded derivatives is mainly performed using the discounted cash flow method, which is based on unobservable inputs. These include prices or price indices derived from market data. The estimated fair value of the embedded derivative would rise (fall) if the expected payment flows were to be higher (lower) as a result of fluctuations in exchange rates or prices.

The fair value of the contingent purchase price receivable from divestments recognized in other receivables was calculated as the present value of future cash flows. The basis was the expected EBITDA of the business unit sold for fiscal year 2021. The actual EBITDA reported for 2021 was well below expectations, so no purchase price payment will be made.

The table below shows the changes in Level 3 financial instruments:

The gains and losses from Level 3 financial assets and liabilities are reported as follows:

• gains and losses from embedded derivatives recognized in profit or loss are reported in other operating expenses or income;
• gains and losses from the contingent purchase price receivable from divestments and debt instruments recognized in profit or loss are reported in other financial result;
• gains and losses from other financial investments are reported in other comprehensive income from equity instruments.